Epidemiology and Health

Original Articles

Pain and mortality among older adults in Korea: Chiil Song, Wankyo Chung; Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021058. Published online September 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021058

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
With the increasing elderly population with chronic disease, understanding pain and designing appropriate policy interventions to it have become crucial. While pain is a noted mortality risk factor, limited studies exist due to the various causes of pain and the subjectivity of pain expression. This study aimed to examine the relationship between pain and mortality, controlling for other diseases and socio-cultural factors.

METHODS

We analyzed 6,258 individuals aged 45 years or older, the population with the highest prevalence of pain, using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2016) data and the Cox proportional-hazards model. Further subgroup analyses were conducted by sex and education level to examine differences in the relationship between pain and mortality.

RESULTS

The adjusted hazard ratios of mortality were 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.34, model 1) and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.29, model 2) for the individuals in pain depending on the models used, where additional socio-cultural factors were accounted for in model 2. For individuals in severe pain, ratios were significantly higher with 1.23 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.41, model 1) and 1.16 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.32, model 2). Further subgroup analyses showed that severe pain was more associated with mortality for males and more educated individuals, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.29 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.55, model 2) and 1.62 (95% CI, 1.15 to 2.28, model 2), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Pain showed a statistically significant relationship with mortality risk. Family members or medical staff should pay proper attention to pain, particularly severe pain in males and highly educated individuals.

Summary

Korean summary
우리나라의 고령인구와 만성질환의 증가가 가속화됨에 따라, 통증의 문제를 겪는 인구가 증가하고 통증의 사회경제적 영향도 커지고 있어 통증에 대한 엄밀한 분석이 요구된다. 본 연구는 통증을 주로 겪는 중·고령층을 대상으로 생존분석을 통해, 통증이 객관적 지표인 사망위험과 유의미하게 관련이 있음을 보였다. 따라서 환자의 통증 표현은, 특히 남성과 고학력자의 심한 통증 표현은, 사망과 관련이 있는 중요한 지표로 관리될 필요가 있으며 적절한 정책적 접근이 요구된다.

Key Message
With the increasing elderly population with chronic disease, understanding pain and designing appropriate policy interventions to it have become crucial. This study showed that pain had a statistically significant relationship with mortality risk, thus proper attention should be paid to it.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sex-specific effects of neuropathic pain on long-term pain behavior and mortality in mice
Magali Millecamps, Susana G. Sotocinal, Jean-Sebastien Austin, Laura S. Stone, Jeffrey S. Mogil
Pain.2023; 164(3): 577. CrossRef
Spécificités de la prise en charge de la douleur chez la personne âgée
G. Pickering
Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine.2023; 207(5): 661. CrossRef

Self-rated health as a predictor of mortality according to cognitive impairment: findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2016): Goun Park, Wankyo Chung; Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021021. Published online April 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021021

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292 Download
3 Web of Science
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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Self-rated health is an instrumental variable to assess the overall health status of a population. However, it remains questionable whether it is still useful for cognitively impaired individuals. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether self-rated health by the cognitively impaired predicts mortality reliably.

METHODS

This study used 7,881 community-dwelling individuals, aged 45 and above, from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2016). It used the Cox proportional hazard models for analysis. Cognitive status was classified based on the Korean Mini Mental State Examination score and a stratified analysis was used to determine whether the predictability of self-rated health varies according to cognitive status.

RESULTS

For cognitively intact individuals, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of mortality were 2.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 3.41, model 4) for those with ‘bad’ self-rated health and 2.40 (95% CI, 1.35 to 4.25, model 4) for those with ‘very bad’ self-rated heath, respectively, compared with those with ‘very good’ health. The results remain statistically significant even after adjusting for socio-demographic factors, health status, and health-related behaviors. For cognitively impaired individuals, the aHR of mortality was statistically significant for those with ‘very bad’ self-rated health, compared with those with ‘very good’ health, when socio-demographic factors were accounted for (aHR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.11 to 8.28, model 2).

CONCLUSIONS

Self-rated health by cognitively impaired individuals remains useful in predicting mortality. It appears to be a valid and reliable health indicator for the rising population with cognitive impairment, especially caused by aging population.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 인지 저하 여부에 따라 주관적 건강의 사망예측력이 달라지는지 확인하기 위해 K-MMSE 로 인지 저하 여부를 나누고 콕스 비례위험모델을 사용하여 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결과, 인지 저하군이 평가한 주관적 건강은 사망을 통계적으로 유의하게 예측하였다. 인구의 고령화로 지역 사회 내에서 인지 저하자가 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 상황에서 주관적 건강은 유효한 사망예측 인자이며 신뢰할 만한 건강지표이다.

Key Message
This study aims to analyze whether self-rated health by the cognitively impaired predicts mortality reliably. We used the Cox proportional hazard models for analysis. Cognitive status was classified based on the K-MMSE score. We found that self-rated health by cognitively impaired individuals remains useful in predicting mortality.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Factores sociodemográficos y de bienestar mediadores y moderadores de la relación entre la depresión y la demencia
Maria del Pilar Santacruz-Ortega, Bertha Lucia Avendaño, Maria Fernanda Cobo, Silvia Mejia-Arango
Neurología Argentina.2023; 15(3): 149. CrossRef
Impact of urban green space on self-rated health: Evidence from Beijing
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Association of the number of teeth and self-rated mastication with self-rated health in community-dwelling Japanese aged 40 years and older: the Yamagata cohort study
Shigeo Ishikawa, Tsuneo Konta, Shinji Susa, Kenichi Ishizawa, Naohiko Makino, Yoshiyuki Ueno, Naoki Okuyama, Mitsuyoshi Iino
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Editorial

Current status of hepatitis C virus infection and countermeasures in South Korea: Sook-Hyang Jeong, Eun Sun Jang, Hwa Young Choi, Kyung-Ah Kim, Wankyo Chung, Moran Ki; Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017017. Published online April 13, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017017

23,868 View
366 Download
16 Web of Science
26 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related mortality. The new antiviral drugs against HCV, direct acting antivirals, result in >90% cure rate. This review aimed to summarize the current prevalence, clinical characteristics, outcomes, and treatment response associated with HCV infection, and countermeasures for optimal HCV control in South Korea. Based on a literature review, the current anti-HCV prevalence in the Korean population is 0.6 to 0.8%, with increasing prevalence according to age. The major HCV genotypes in Korean patients were genotype 1b and genotype 2. Successful antiviral treatment leads to significantly reduced liver related complications and mortality. However, only about one third of the individuals with HCV infection seem to be managed under the current national health insurance system, suggesting a remarkable rate of underdiagnoses and subsequent loss of opportunity to cure. A recent study in South Korea showed that targeted population screening for HCV infection is cost-effective. To prevent recently developed clusters of HCV infection in some clinics, mandatory surveillance rather than sentinel surveillance for HCV infection is required and governmental countermeasures to prevent reuse of syringes or other medical devises, and public education should be maintained. Moreover, one-time screening for a targeted population should be considered and a cost-effectiveness study supporting an optimal screening strategy is warranted.

Summary

Korean summary
우리나라 C형간염 유병률은 1% 미만(0.6-0.8%)이며, 수혈에 의한 C형간염은 더 이상 발생하지 않을 것으로 보인다. 그러나 최근 의료기관에서 C형간염 집단감염이 발생하여 국가적 대응이 필요한 공중보건의 문제로 떠올랐다. 2016년 부터는 C형간염을 완치할 수 있는 효과적이고 안전한 약제가 건강보험급여로 인정되어 이미 진단된 환자들에서는 효과적인 치료가 시작되었다. 그러나 진단되지 않은 상태에서 간질환이 진행되고 있는 환자들을 발굴하기 위해 국가 검진체계와 연계하여 선별검사를 시행한다면, 단기적으로는 진단과 치료비용 부담이 커지겠지만 장기적으로 사망률을 감소시키고, 삶의 질을 높이는 비용효과적인 C형간염 퇴치 전략이 될 것이다.

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